University Of Delaware Football Schedule For 2021

Linebacker Johnny Buchanan received his second All-CAA postseason honor after leading the Blue Hens, and ranking 11th in the CAA with 81 tackles. The senior was also third on the team with 5.5 TFL and had three games with at least 10 tackles, all coming against ranked conference opponents including a career-high 13 tackles against James Madison. An All-CAA First Team selection in the spring, Buchanan recorded one forced fumble, a fumble recovery and an interception. Cornerback Nijuel Hill () earned his second all-conference nod this fall after recording 30 tackles and 2.0 TFL as a fifth-year senior. An All-CAA First Team selection and Second Team All-American in the spring, Hill was third on the Blue Hens in the fall with eight passes defended, including a key fourth-quarter interception against Albany.

Running back Dejoun Lee wrapped up his decorated career with his second All-CAA selection. The graduate student, who was named the 2021 Spring CAA Offensive Player of the Year, led the Blue Hens in rushing with 814 yards on 178 carries. He was fourth in the conference with 4.6 yards per carry and 74.0 yards per game, and had four games with at least 100 rushing yards, including a stretch of three-straight contests.

A threat in multiple ways, Lee also ranked sixth in the CAA with 102.1 all-purpose yards per game as he also caught 13 passes for 90 yards and returned 11 kickoffs for 219 yards. Thyrick Pitts () led the Delaware wide receivers for the third-straight year to earn his second all-conference nod. The graduate student finished with team highs of 43 receptions for 669 yards and he ranked fourth in the CAA with seven touchdown receptions.

He was fifth in the conference with 66.9 receiving yards per game and had three games against CAA opponents with at least 100 receiving yards, including a career day of 11 catches for 169 yards against Richmond. Safety Noah Plack received his second-straight nod to the All-CAA Second Team after ranking fourth on the team with 57 tackles despite missing the first three games of the season due to injury. The redshirt junior was a dominant force both in the secondary and near the line of scrimmage, finishing with three pass breakups, two fumble recoveries and 0.5 TFL. Junior Jourdan Townsend () earned his first career postseason honor as he has turned into one of the most dominant punt returners in the conference. He returned 16 punts on the season, averaging 8.9 yards per return to rank third in the CAA. In Delaware's victory over Albany, Townsend had a season-long return of 38 yards to set up the go-ahead touchdown.

Offensive lineman David Kroll () earned his second-consecutive selection to the first team after another strong season in 2021. The graduate student was a First Team All-American following the spring season and followed that up by starting all 11 games this fall at left tackle and was also a key member of the Blue Hens' punt unit. Sophomore punter Tyler Pastula put together a stellar campaign in 2021, leading the CAA and ranking 21st in the country with an average of 42.5 yards per punt. He was also atop the conference as he landed 24 punts inside of the opponent's 20-yard line and had 13 kicks travel at least 50 yards. Pastula was named twice named the CAA Special Teams Player of the Week after Delaware's victories over Dixie State and William & Mary.

Senior safety Kedrick Whitehead () ranked second on the defense with 76 tackles in 2021, earning his second-straight selection to the first team, and third All-CAA honor overall. The two-time All-American was a force in Delaware secondary, breaking up eight passes and creating a turnover at Rhode Island. Whitehead finished with 1.5 TFL and had three games with at least 10 tackles, including a career-high 15 against James Madison. Junior placekicker Ryan Coe put together a very strong season to earn his second all-conference selection. He connected on 37-of-40 of his total kicks, including going a perfect 23-of-23 on PAT attempts to extend his overall streak to 47-consecutive makes to start his career. Coe finished 14-of-17 on field goals, including making six of his eight tries from beyond 40 yards to tie a UD record and kicked three of the five longest field goals in CAA .

Artis Hemmingway () earned his first postseason honor after appearing in nine games with eight starts on the defensive line in 2021. The redshirt senior finished with 28 total tackles while ranking third on the team with 2.5 sacks and fifth with 4.5 TFL. He finished with five tackles and a sack against Rhode Island, while also adding five tackles and a TFL against William & Mary. Chase McGowan put together his second-straight All-CAA campaign after receiving second-team honors in the spring.

The junior appeared in all 11 games this season, finishing with 20 tackles while leading the Blue Hens with 4.0 sacks and ranking second with 6.0 TFL. He had two sacks against both Stony Brook and Dixie State, while also finishing with a season-high five tackles against the Trailblazers. Despite missing three games due to injury, Colby Reeder put together an all-conference caliber season to earn his first postseason honor since being named the CAA Defensive Rookie of the Year in 2017. The redshirt senior finished 2021 with 55 tackles to rank fifth on the team and was also second on the UD defense with 3.5 sacks and third with 5.5 TFL.

He had a season-high 12 tackles, a sack and 1.5 TFL against Stony Brook. A week after totaling just 109 yards of offense in a loss to James Madison, the Hens had piled up 312 yards by halftime on Saturday. W&M enters Saturday's game with a 6-2 record overall and a 4-1 mark in conference play. The Tribe jumped into the national rankings this week for the first time since 2016 (No. 20 Stats Perform Poll / No. 23 AFCA Coaches Poll) following its lopsided win at then-No.

W&M currently leads the Colonial Athletic Association and ranks 13th nationally with 216.9 rushing yards per game. Additionally, the Tribe leads the conference with 16 rushing touchdowns and is averaging 5.2 yards per carry. Defensively, W&M has totaled 19 takeaways this season - 13 interceptions and six fumble recoveries - which ranks tied for fifth nationally. W&M's 13 interceptions ranks tied for third nationally, while it has recorded eight in the last two contests - all by different players.

Ranked as high as No. 6 earlier this season, Delaware enters the weekend with a 4-4 record overall and a 2-3 mark in conference play after losing three of its last four contests. Although the Blue Hens rank among the top teams in the conference defensively and are allowing just 345.4 total yards per game, their offense has struggled to find the end zone and are averaging just 19.1 points per game. NEWARK, DEL. – The University of Delaware football team had 13 student-athletes named to the 2021 CAA Football All-Conference Teams, as announced by the league on Tuesday afternoon. Three Blue Hens earned selections to the All-CAA First Team, while six were placed on the second team and four more received nods to the third team. The postseason teams were selected by votes of the league's 12 head coaches who could not vote for their own players. Carty springs from a successful New Jersey family tree of football coaches.

Dad Kevin Sr. was a longtime college and high school coach, who was particularly successful guiding his three son's teams at Somerville High. Older brothers Kevin Jr., who played quarterback at North Carolina and William & Mary, and Sean, a Rutgers wide receiver, have been New Jersey high school coaches, too. "I am thrilled to welcome Ryan Carty as the new head coach of our football program", said UD President Dennis Assanis. Carty, a Delaware alum and member of the 2003 national championship team, has been named the head football coach announced Friday by Director of Intercollegiate Athletics & Recreation Services, Chrissi Rawak. Carty has spent the past four seasons as the offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach at Sam Houston.

Rankings from STATS PollThe 2021 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team represented the University of Delaware in the 2021 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by fifth-year head coach Danny Rocco, and played their home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark, Delaware. » Saturday will mark the first meeting between Delaware and James Madison since 2018. The two programs have met 27 times in the series history, with Delaware holding a advantage. The last time the two teams met was a 20-6 James Madison victory in the 2018 FCS Playoffs. Dejoun Lee rushed for 27 yards while Bryce De Maille and Gene Coleman II each caught a pass.

Kedrick Whitehead had six tackles, including a sack and 2.5 TFL while Frank Burton III also had a sack and 2.0 TFL. • Speaking of sacks, the DSU offensive line surrendered a season-low one sack vs. Tarleton (10/16), however SFA got to Tracy seven times for minus-49 yards rushing last Saturday ... DSU has allowed 29 total sacks over its first seven games of the 2021 fall season, this after giving up only five total sacks in five 2021 spring games.

• Dixie State began the Tarleton game (10/16) by doing something it had only done one other time this season - score points on its opening possession ... The Trailblazers took the opening kickoff and methodically marched down the field, covering 46 yards over their first six offensive plays, and cashed in the drive the first of Brooksby's two field goals. The third-ranked Dukes' football team is 7-1 and leads the CAA at 5-1, just ahead of William & Mary (4-1) and Villanova (4-1).

The playoff contender is on track for the automatic bid it's still eligible for. JMU also will not be permitted to host the four league tournaments it had been scheduled to host this year — men's soccer, women's basketball, women's lacrosse and softball. » Pitts had a career day in Delaware's game at Richmond last Saturday, hauling in a career-high 11 catches for a personal-best 169 yards. It was his third 100-yard receiving game of the season and the fifth of his career.

He caught his team-leading seventh touchdown pass, which ranks third in the CAA. Zach Gwynn finished with career highs of 25 completions for 331 yards and two passing touchdowns. He rushed for two touchdowns, the first two rushing scores of his career. Plack also set a career high, leading the Delaware defense with 14 tackles.

During Carty's stint at New Hampshire, the Wildcats qualified for the FCS playoffs in each of Carty's six seasons as offensive coordinator, compiling an 8-6 postseason record and reaching the semifinals in 2013 and 2014. The Wildcats garnered seven or more wins every season Carty was on staff. As the offensive coordinator, UNH quarterbacks combined for 18,656 yards and 171 TDs in 80 contests with Carty leading the offense. Governor Carney issued theTenth Revision to the 27th Modification of the State of Emergency Declarationwhich addressed face coverings for interscholastic sports. The revision provides guidance on the use of face coverings for DIAA spring sports during competition in non-high-risk sports.The updated guidance takes effect Wednesday, April 28 at 8am. Per the guidance, DIAA spring sport student athletes must wear face coverings except when actively engaged in practice or game play while on the field.

Face coverings should be worn on the sidelines and all other times when athletes are not engaged in active play. » Saturday marks Delaware's third CAA conference game of the season. The Blue Hens have won six-straight games in conference play including last week's win over UAlbany and a season-opening victory at Maine. » Saturday will mark the third-straight season that Delaware has made the trip to play Rhode Island on the road. In 2019, the Blue Hens defeated the Rams in an epic three-overtime battle. Pat Kehoe passed for 282 yards and five touchdowns, while Andre Robinson rushed for 111 yards and a score.

This past spring, Delaware came away with a victory behind 221 rushing yards and two touchdowns from Dejoun Lee. – Despite 115 receiving yards and two touchdowns from Thyrick Pitts, the Delaware football team dropped a decision to Stony Brook University on Saturday afternoon in a CAA matchup at the Seawolves' LaValle Stadium. With the loss, the Blue Hens slip to 3-3 on the season and 2-2 in conference play. • Osborne, who has played in only three games this season due to injury, recorded career highs in receptions , yards and touchdowns in five games last spring. UNH reached the NCAA playoffs every year Carty was there, including 2013 and 2014 semifinal runs. At a gathering of media, season-ticket holders and university staff in the Whitney Athletic Center on Monday morning, Carty said he wasn't sure if he'd ever become a head coach at the college level.

Whitehead ranked second on the defense in 2021 with 76 tackles, earning his second-straight All-CAA First Team selection, and third all-conference honor overall. The weekend of the dreary news of university delaware football tv schedule includes opponents, but the buttons below and competitive model to help students find a long national center campus is. Delaware State returns to the road the following Saturday (Oct. 2) to take on another first-time opponent, Wagner College of the FCS Northeast Conference. The Seahawks played two of four scheduled games in the spring (0-2) and posted a 1-11 mark during the 2019 season.

DOVER, Del., June 2, 2021 —Delaware State is scheduled to play a school record-tying number of home games, including six of the first eight contests, during its 2021 football season. With the win, the Blue Hens improve to 3-1 on the season and 2-0 in CAA play. » Dejoun Lee ranks second in the CAA with 138.3 all-purpose yards per game this season. For his career, Lee has totaled 3,909 all-purpose yards and is just 91 yards short of becoming just the ninth player in Delaware history to reach the 4,000-yard mark.

Lee also sits at 2,195 career rushing yards and needs 220 yards to break into the top 10 in program history. On the other hand, Delaware did play some solid football for stretches of Saturday's game. But the mistakes the Hens made — giving up a 99-yard run to start the game before the offense and special teams both gave away touchdowns at the end — were brutal. • Dixie State racked up 400-plus yards of offense in two of five games this past spring, including a season-high 483 yards at New Mexico State (3/7). But Delaware (3-3 CAA, 5-4 overall) limited the Tribe to three points, the first time they been held without a touchdown by an FCS program since 2018. William & Mary finished with only 228 yards, including just 105 on the ground — less than half of its league-leading average 214.4 rushing yards per game.

JMU men's soccer coach Paul Zazenski said his players were "having a hard time" processing the news. He said it's hard to reconcile the emphasis on the student-athlete with the CAA decision. » In last season's victory over the Wildcats, Nolan Henderson had a pair of touchdown passes as he connected with Jourdan Townsend and Bryce De Maille. Khory Spruill also found the end zone on a three-yard run and Ryan Coe kicked a pair of field goals. Thyrick Pitts caught five passes for 104 yards, and Gene Coleman II has seven receptions for 78 yards. Noah Plack led the defense with seven catches, while Niguel Hill had an interception.

The Hens did lose some players to injuries this fall, most notably standout quarterback Nolan Henderson. The Smyrna High grad, a first-team All-CAA pick in the spring, missed the final seven games after undergoing abdominal surgery. The Delaware position has been vacant since Danny Rocco's dismissal Monday. Rocco was overall and in CAA games in five seasons as Delaware coach.

His 2018 and teams reached the NCAA playoffs, with the latter reaching the FCS semifinals in a 7-1 season. But Delaware was 5-6 this fall, its second losing record in three years. "I'm so humbled and excited to be involved in ushering in a new phase of one of the elite traditions in all of college football," said Carty.

But Delaware has finished in the top five of CAA total offense only once since 2010, and that was in the 2021 spring season. In the recently completed fall season, Delaware was 11th in the CAA averaging 299.8 yards per game. The Hornets will play seven games at Alumni Stadium this fall, including three of their five Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference contests. The number of home games this coming season matches the modern-day school record set during the 2019 campaign.

Between both the spring and fall seasons, the Blue Hens will play a total of 18 games this year. A touchdown that would have put Delaware ahead 19-6 was called back due to offensive holding with time winding down in the third quarter. With Albany hitting a 75-yard touchdown pass in the final four minutes on Saturday, Delaware has given up a scoring play of at least 59 yards in each of its four games this year. He has three interceptions through the first four games of the year, including one last week against Stony Brook. At Brown on Sept. 18 he had a 100-yard interception return for a touchdown.

Over his last seven games with Rhode Island, Jones has three interceptions and an additional five pass breakups. Jones was a Junior College All-American for Nassau Community College in 2017. Stony Brook connected on a 26-yard touchdown pass midway through the third quarter to go up 20-10, but the Blue Hens again had an answer. An 11-play drive resulted in another touchdown pass from Gwynn to Pitts, this time going to 28 yards to make it a game with just 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter.

» In last week's contest at Stony Brook, Thyrick Pitts recorded his second 100-yard receiving game of the season - and fourth of his career - with 115 receiving yards on seven catches. He also had his first multi-touchdown performance with two scores against the Seawolves. For the season, Pitts is tied for the CAA lead with six touchdown receptions. In addition, Osborne is one of two Trailblazer football players to have earned the honor as former DSU transfer running back Jeffrey Coprich was named to the 2014 Good Works Team while at California. • Dixie State tallied a season-high 442 yards of total offense in the UC Davis loss on Sept. 18, including a season-best 389 yards passing. • Junior CB Devin Chandler scored DSU's first defensive touchdown of the season at Montana (10/9) when he returned the Webster forced fumble 38 yards in the fourth quarter to get the Blazers on the scoreboard ...

Density Of Air At Stp G L

One of the most comprehensive assessments was conducted as part of the Six City study. The association of respiratory symptoms with indoor nitrogen dioxide level was examined in more than 1500 children , who were followed up for one year. About half of the children lived in homes with a major source . Household annual average levels were determined based on summer and winter measurements made in three household locations, and were 16.1 μg/m3 for homes without a source and 44.2 μg/m3 for homes with a source. Household particulate matter (PM 2.5) was also measured in this study and included as a covariate in the final analysis.

Density Of Air At Stp The observed association of incidence of symptoms with both the presence of a gas stove and with increasing indoor nitrogen dioxide level persisted after adjustment for the indoor particle level. In this study, no consistent association of lung function with source or measured nitrogen dioxide was observed. Cross-sectional studies were conducted in the Netherlands, where there was concern over the combustion products produced by gas water heaters or geysers. The average nitrogen dioxide concentration over a period of several days may exceed 150 μg/m3 when unvented gas stoves are used . On the other hand, wood-burning appliances were not related to elevated nitrogen dioxide concentrations in a Canadian study carried out in 49 houses .

While most studies of indoor air pollutant exposures from biomass burning in developing countries have focused on airborne particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide levels can also be elevated. In a study in Ethiopia where wood, crop residues and animal dung were the main household fuels, the mean 24-hour concentration of nitrogen dioxide was 97 μg/m3. A study in rural, urban and roadside locations in Agra, India showed the dominance of outdoor sources on elevated indoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations (indoors 255 ± 146 ppb; outdoors 460 ± 225 ppb) . These observations that children with asthma have worse symptoms if exposed to higher levels of indoor nitrogen dioxide suggest that their removal from exposure should lead to amelioration of their symptoms.

However, few interventional studies have been reported. In recognition that classroom levels of nitrogen dioxide are an important source of exposure, an intervention study was conducted in Australia. Researchers assessed the effect of changing from unflued gas heaters in school classrooms to flued gas heaters or electric heaters . Almost 200 asthmatic children in 10 control schools, 4 schools that had changed to flued gas heaters and 4 schools that had changed to electric heaters were followed for a period of 12 weeks.

Following the intervention, the mean rate of symptoms of difficulty breathing during the day and at night, chest tightness and asthma attacks during the day was lower in children attending intervention schools. No change in lung function parameters was observed. Six-hourly average classroom levels of nitrogen dioxide ranged from 13.2–71.4 μg/m3 to 22.5–218.1 μg/m3 during the period of follow-up.

The association of respiratory symptoms with gas for cooking may be modified by levels of outdoor nitrogen dioxide. This was examined in a small study in Hong Kong SAR, where cooking with gas is almost universal. Children living in two contrasting areas were examined . In an area with relatively low background pollution (nitrogen dioxide annual mean 45 μg/m3), current doctor-diagnosed "respiratory illness" was more common in children living in homes that cooked most frequently with gas.

Experimental animal work on the health effects, and mechanisms thereof, of nitrogen dioxide has not focused on indoor sources or exposure patterns of the pollutant . As such, in addition to newly published work, the studies reviewed in this section include those described in WHO's latest guidelines for ambient nitrogen dioxide . Acute exposures to low (75–1880 μg/m3; 0.04–1.0 ppm) levels of nitrogen dioxide have rarely been observed to cause effects in animals.

Subchronic and chronic exposures to low levels, however, cause a variety of effects, including alterations to lung metabolism, structure and function, inflammation and increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections. Emphysema-like changes , features characteristic of human COPD , generation of an atopic immune response and airway hyperresponsiveness have been reported only at high (15 040– μg/m3; 8–25 ppm) nitrogen dioxide concentrations. It is apparent from both in vitro and animal toxicology studies which toxic effects of nitrogen dioxide might occur in humans.

To overcome this problem, one study in Sweden compared respiratory symptoms in children who played ice hockey in ice arenas with propane-fuelled and electric resurfacing machines . Some 1500 children aged between 10 and 16 years who had played ice hockey in the previous three years and had trained in one of 15 indoor ice arenas were identified. The remaining six arenas used electric resurfacing and the equivalent indoor nitrogen dioxide levels were 9 μg/m3 (4–31 μg/m3). The authors then looked at children attending the propane arenas only.

They considered exposure as "high nitrogen dioxide" if levels were above the median and low if below the median. The vast majority of the children (over 80%) had played ice hockey for more than three years in these arenas. Significant association of various respiratory symptoms or lung function indices with nitrogen dioxide measured indoors or as personal exposure in all identified epidemiological studies of asthmatics (23,26,160– 162,164,165,168,191,268).

Lowest measured levels were ca. Given the density of dry air at STP, let's calculate its average molecular weight. So from the ideal gas equation pressure. Have some solar map is equal to the density times are constant times of temperature rearranging here at the molar mass is equal to D. It has been argued that the variations in the reported association of indoor nitrogen dioxide with respiratory health may be explained by failure to measure this co-pollutant .

The dearth of studies in which both have been measured has been identified as a gap in our understanding of the health effects of gas appliances . The association of exposure to gas appliances in infancy to later respiratory health was examined in Australia, where gas heaters are the main source of indoor combustion products. As part of the Tasmanian Infant Health Survey, the type of heating appliance in use in infancy was recorded and, at the age of seven years, information on respiratory symptoms was collected . There are many more studies on the association of health with the presence of gas appliances than with measured nitrogen dioxide and they are of varying quality. While cross-sectional studies are of interest in making a causal inference, greater weight would naturally be placed on those that are longitudinal in design. However, respiratory disease may occur in the absence of measurable change in lung function parameters.

We also searched for epidemiological studies on health effects of indoor gas combustion without measurements with the terms "air pollution, indoor", "gas" with "cooking" or "heating", and "respiratory tract diseases" or "lung function". Controlled exposure studies in humans have shown acute respiratory health effects of short-term exposures in healthy volunteers or those with mild preexisting lung disease. Mechanical failure of resurfacing machines in ice arenas leading to short-term, high-dose exposures demonstrates similar effects and suggests there may be long-term sequelae. Population-based studies have shown health effects of chronic indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure in infants, children and adults. Recent well-conducted epidemiological studies that have used measured indoor nitrogen dioxide levels support the occurrence of respiratory health effects at the level of the guideline.

In Hong Kong SAR, mothers of children taking part in a large study of respiratory health wore personal nitrogen dioxide badges for a 24-hour period . Personal nitrogen dioxide was higher in women if they cooked more frequently, but only among those who did not ventilate their kitchen by the use of an extractor fan. In users of LPG or kerosene, the mean personal 24-hour average exposure was 37.7 μg/m3 if the kitchen was ventilated during cooking and 41.7 μg/m3 if the kitchen was unventilated. There was no consistent association of personal nitrogen dioxide with frequency of cooking or presence of ventilation fans in the children living in these homes, probably reflecting their different time-activity patterns. Personal nitrogen dioxide was higher in women who cooked with LPG compared to those using piped gas. The Hasselblad meta-analysis.

In the early 1990s, Hasselblad et al. published a meta-analysis of the association of indoor nitrogen dioxide levels with respiratory illness in children . This report was one of the earliest examples of the use of meta-analysis for synthesizing evidence from studies of environmental hazards. Box 5.1 summarizes some of the key factors that influence indoor nitrogen dioxide levels and likely explain much of the variation reported in Table 5.1. Indoor levels of nitrogen dioxide are a function of both indoor and outdoor sources. Thus, high outdoor levels originating from local traffic or other combustion sources influence indoor levels. Annual mean concentrations in urban areas throughout the world are generally in the range of 20–90 μg/m3.

In the European Community Respiratory Health Survey covering 21 European cities, annual ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations ranged from 4.9 μg/m3 in Reykjavik to 72 μg/m3 in Turin . The maximum hourly mean value may be several times higher than the annual mean. For example, a range of 179–688 μg/m3 nitrogen dioxide has been reported inside a car in a road tunnel during the rush hour .

A longitudinal study of indoor nitrogen dioxide levels and respiratory symptoms in inner city children with asthma. Personal nitrogen dioxide exposure was measured in 3–4-year-old children in Quebec City, Canada during the winter months and a dose-dependent association of exposure with asthma was reported. Only 6 of the 140 children lived in a home with a gas stove (mean personal exposure with gas stove 32.4 μg/m3; without gas stove 17.3 μg/m3).

The adjusted OR for case status with the highest level of exposure appears unrealistically high, with very wide confidence levels (24-hour mean of 28.2 μg/m3 compared to "a zero level"). The unmatched analysis OR was 19.9 (95% CI 4.75 –83.03) while the matched analysis OR was 10.55 (95% CI 3.48 –31.89) ; this was probably related to the small numbers of children in the risk group. Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide was measured in children in Hong Kong SAR , where indoor sources are common. No association of exposure with symptoms was observed.

That has a molar mass of 40 grams per mole, and it makes up 0.93% of the air, which gives us 0.37 grams per mole of air. So if we add all of this together, we get 28.93 grams per one mole of air. So this is our answer for part A. And then in part B were asked to find the density of one mole of air at STP. So STP is standard temperature and pressure For SCP, the temperature is always to 73 K and the pressure is one a t.

The majority of epidemiological studies have examined populations with average indoor levels that can be considered representative of longer-term population exposures. Chronic health effects of exposure were also examined in Finland . Junior ice hockey players were asked to complete a questionnaire. Information on the weekly average nitrogen dioxide in the ice arenas in which they trained was collected (range 21–1176 μg/m3; mean 228 μg/m3). In comparison to the number of studies in children, there are relatively few studies that have reported associations of adult respiratory health with indoor nitrogen dioxide levels.

Review the epidemiological evidence for health effects of exposure to gas appliances in the home – a proxy marker for high exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide. In another study, exposure to nitrogen dioxide over a lower concentration range (94–1880 μg/m3; 0.05–1.0 ppm) resulted in the antioxidant defences, uric acid and ascorbic acid being depleted in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid . More recently, Olker et al. have shown that superoxide radical release is significantly impaired from BAL cells isolated from rats exposed to nitrogen dioxide ( μg/m3; 10 ppm) for 1, 3 or 20 days.

Indoor studies suggest that those using gas cookers, particularly in poorly ventilated spaces, can experience peak nitrogen dioxide exposures in excess of 500 μg/m3. Important factors that may increase indoor exposure are the use of unvented gas appliances, poor ventilation, proximity to major highways and the use of propane- and petrol-fuelled ice resurfacing machines in indoor ice arenas. Controlled exposure studies in humans assessing the health effects of short-term exposures have used well-standardized, objective methods for the assessment of health effects. In epidemiological studies, self- reported symptoms have been widely used as the health metric. These measurements are susceptible to over-reporting by those who perceive their exposure to be high. Although lung function measures provide more objective estimates of health status, inflammatory changes and symptoms may occur in the absence of lung function changes.

The association between exposure to common air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, and altered host immunity to respiratory viral infections has recently been reviewed . Two studies by Rose et al. exposed mice to nitrogen dioxide at 9400 μg/m3 for six hours per day for two days prior to infection with murine cytomegalovirus, followed by another four days of nitrogen dioxide. Enhanced susceptibility to infection was not found after exposure to 3100 or 1800 μg/m3 (2.5 or 1 ppm) nitrogen dioxide.

In addition to the direct release of nitrogen oxides, indoor combustion sources emit various co-pollutants including ultrafine particles, which are also produced during cooking . Secondary reactions, such as the production of nitrous acid from surface chemistry involving nitrogen dioxide, can contribute to indoor pollutant concentrations that directly affect health . Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma. Seasonal variability can be significant, owing to variations in source use (e.g. heaters and stoves) and seasonal fluctuations in air exchange rates. This variability results typically in higher indoor concentrations during winter months .

This variability, and its principal determinants, should be considered when extrapolating from exposure estimates determined using daily or weekly measurements to estimates of annual exposures. Since few studies have directly measured annual averages of indoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations, periodic measurements across seasons would be needed to construct representative estimates of long-term exposure. Standard temperature and pressure are a useful set of benchmark conditions to compare other properties of gases. At STP, gases have a volume of 22.4 L per mole. The ideal gas law can be used to determine densities of gases.

For any ideal gas, at a given temperature and pressure, the number of molecules is constant for a particular volume (see Avogadro's Law). So when water molecules are added to a given volume of air, the dry air molecules must decrease by the same number, to keep the pressure or temperature from increasing. Hence the mass per unit volume of the gas decreases. The gas constant is measure of the weight of the number of molecules of a gas. In the atmosphere around us we have air which is about 78% Nitrogen , about 21% Oxygen and about 1% other gases. Nitrogen has a molecular weight of 14 so a N2 molecule has a molecular weight of 28.

Oxygen has a molecular weight of 16 so an O2 molecule has a molecular weight of 32. Given the mixture of gases found in air the average molecular weight of air is around 29. Epidemiological studies conducted in several countries show that a proportion of homes and classrooms have indoor nitrogen dioxide levels exceeding the WHO ambient guidelines for outdoor air. Studies that have examined associations between respiratory symptoms and indoor measurements of or personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide are also subject to geographical, seasonal and diurnal variations. Differences in the indoor concentrations in various countries are mainly attributable to differences in the type of fuel used for cooking and heating and the rate of fuel consumption.

While few studies have included repeated measurements of indoor nitrogen dioxide levels, it is known that within-home variability can be significant owing to the various contributing factors discussed above . Levy et al. studied nitrogen dioxide concentrations in homes in 18 cities in 15 countries, reporting two-day means ranging from 10 μg/m3 to 81 μg/m3 and personal exposures from 21 μg/m3 to 97 μg/m3. The use of a gas stove was found to be the dominant activity influencing indoor concentrations. Results showed also the importance of combustion space heaters to elevated nitrogen dioxide concentrations.

Road traffic is the principal outdoor source of nitrogen dioxide. The most important indoor sources include tobacco smoke and gas-, wood-, oil-, kerosene- and coal-burning appliances such as stoves, ovens, space and water heaters and fireplaces, particularly unflued or poorly maintained appliances. Outdoor nitrogen dioxide from natural and anthropogenic sources also influences indoor levels. Occupational exposures can be elevated in indoor spaces, including accidents with silage and in ice arenas with diesel- or propane-fuelled ice resurfacing machines and underground parking garages .

Overpay the density is equal to 1 to 9 to nine grams per liter. Our is our ideal gas constant 08 to 06 Leaders. Criminal Calvin temperature is standard temperature zero degrees Celsius or 2 73 kelvin. Standard pressure is one atmosphere pressure. Effects of exposure to gas cooking in childhood and adulthood on respiratory symptoms, allergic sensitisation and lung function in young British adults.